Touristic History — November 2022

Source: 04 TOURISTIC HISTORY NOV 2022_compressed.pdf | Paper code: 2912/106; 2918/106

Question 1(a)

Explain five factors that discouraged divorce between married couples in the African traditional communities. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Families and elders mediated marital disagreements.
  2. Marriage created obligations between wider kin groups.
  3. Concern for children and lineage continuity encouraged reconciliation.
  4. Bridewealth obligations could make separation socially and economically difficult.
  5. Community norms and religious beliefs placed importance on maintaining marriage. These factors varied between communities.

Question 1(b)

Outline five benefits that the early man got from domestication of animals. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Meat and milk for food.
  2. Hides and skins for clothing and other materials.
  3. Transport and carrying services from suitable species.
  4. Draught power for cultivation after appropriate animals and techniques were adopted.
  5. Manure and other useful animal products.

Question 2(a)

Explain five reasons that contribute to a low number of tourists visiting archeological sites in the Lake Turkana basin. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Long distances and difficult transport connections raise travel costs.
  2. Limited accommodation and visitor facilities reduce convenience.
  3. Harsh heat and limited water can discourage some visitors.
  4. Insufficient interpretation and promotion reduce awareness.
  5. Actual or perceived insecurity may discourage travel to particular locations. Conditions differ between sites and periods.

Question 2(b)

Explain five economic factors that encouraged portuguese occupation of the East African coast. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Desire to control profitable Indian Ocean commerce.
  2. Access to gold and other valuable African commodities.
  3. Need for ports and supply stations on the route to India.
  4. Opportunity to collect customs duties and tribute.
  5. Competition with established merchants for markets and commercial influence.

Question 3(a)

Explain five ways in which Nabongo Mumia supported the British after the collaboration agreement. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Provided food and supplies to British visitors and expeditions.
  2. Supplied porters and other labour support.
  3. Provided guides and local information.
  4. Assisted British military efforts against opposing communities.
  5. Allowed Mumias to function as an important base for British administration and communication.

Question 3(b)

Explain five reasons why intermarriages were discouraged among some African traditional communities. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Some groups sought to preserve particular customs and identity.
  2. Hostility between communities discouraged new marriage ties.
  3. Different religious practices could create family objections.
  4. Language and social customs could complicate integration into the household.
  5. Rules about descent, inheritance or marriage eligibility could restrict acceptable partners. These describe historical objections in some communities, not universal African practices.

Question 4(a)

Describe five monuments found in Nairobi city that promote tourism activities. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Jomo Kenyatta’s statue at KICC commemorates Kenya’s first president.
  2. Dedan Kimathi’s statue commemorates the Mau Mau leader.
  3. Tom Mboya’s monument commemorates the nationalist and trade union leader.
  4. The Nairobi war memorial on Kenyatta Avenue commemorates wartime service.
  5. The August 7th Memorial Park commemorates victims of the 1998 embassy bombing and provides a place of remembrance.

Question 4(b)

Explain five challenges that are faced in the preservation of fossils in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Weathering and erosion damage exposed specimens.
  2. Fragile fossils require specialist handling and treatment.
  3. Limited funding restricts storage, equipment and conservation staff.
  4. Looting and unauthorised collecting remove fossils from protected contexts.
  5. Construction, quarrying and other land uses can destroy fossil-bearing deposits.

Question 5(a)

Describe five characteristics of microlithic tools used by man during the late stone age period. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. They were small, often made from short blades or flakes.
  2. Many had geometric shapes such as crescents or triangles.
  3. Retouched edges shaped or blunted selected sides.
  4. They were often set into wood or bone to form composite tools.
  5. Their small size allowed several replaceable cutting or piercing elements in one implement.

Question 5(b)

Outline five contributions that were made by early missionaries towards the welfare of communities. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Established schools and literacy programmes.
  2. Provided medical care through clinics and hospitals.
  3. Supported campaigns against slavery.
  4. Developed printing and translated texts into local languages.
  5. Provided training in some practical skills and agricultural activities.

Question 6(a)

Explain five reasons that led to the formation of the Kenya African National Union (KANU) in 1960. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Unite African political organisations within a national party.
  2. Press for independence and an end to colonial rule.
  3. Demand majority representation and equal political rights.
  4. Campaign for the release of detained nationalist leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta.
  5. Coordinate political mobilisation and participation in forthcoming constitutional and electoral changes.

Question 6(b)

Describe five ways in which cultural events of Kenyan communities promote unity in the country. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Bring people from different backgrounds together.
  2. Create opportunities to learn and respect other traditions.
  3. Encourage cooperation in organising shared activities.
  4. Provide common spaces for dialogue and relationships.
  5. Celebrate shared national belonging while recognising cultural diversity.

Question 7(a)

Explain five reasons that made the Bantu community to migrate from Congo Basin to the areas they occupy today. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Population pressure increased demand for land.
  2. Agricultural communities sought fertile areas for cultivation.
  3. Conflict and insecurity encouraged some groups to relocate.
  4. Environmental difficulties, including drought or disease, disrupted livelihoods.
  5. Trade, family connections and opportunities in new areas encouraged gradual dispersal. Bantu-speaking peoples moved in many phases and routes, not as one community in a single migration.

Question 7(b)

Outline five methods that are used by National Museums of Kenya to manage historical sites. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Document and research the sites and their collections.
  2. Conserve and stabilise historic structures and archaeological remains.
  3. Control access through visitor routes, rules and interpretation.
  4. Provide security and work against looting or vandalism.
  5. Engage communities and relevant authorities in management and heritage education.
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