Touristic History — November 2021

Source: 06 TOURISTIC HISTORY NOV 2021 _compressed.pdf | Paper code: 2912/106; 2918/106

Question 1(a)

Describe five methods that palaentologists use in locating pre-historical sites. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Ground surveys identify exposed fossils and artefacts.
  2. Study of rock and sediment formations identifies deposits of a suitable age.
  3. Reports and local knowledge help identify promising locations.
  4. Aerial photographs and remote sensing reveal landscape features and exposed deposits.
  5. Test pits and carefully controlled exploratory excavation establish whether archaeological or fossil-bearing layers are present.

Question 1(b)

Explain five challenges that were faced by early explorers to the interior of East Africa. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Tropical diseases caused illness and deaths.
  2. Difficult terrain and limited route information slowed movement.
  3. Language differences made communication difficult.
  4. Food, water and transport supplies were uncertain.
  5. Conflict, suspicion and insecurity could prevent passage through particular areas.

Question 2(a)

Describe five methods that can be used to promote a newly established historical site for tourism purposes. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Create an informative website and social media presence.
  2. Produce brochures and maps explaining the site and how to visit.
  3. Partner with guides, hotels and tour operators to include it in itineraries.
  4. Invite relevant media and educators for familiarisation visits.
  5. Organise exhibitions, cultural events and school programmes that raise awareness.

Question 2(b)

Explain five reasons why ceremonies were conducted in African traditional societies. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Mark transitions such as birth, marriage and adulthood.
  2. Honour spiritual beliefs and seek blessings.
  3. Bring families and communities together.
  4. Teach values, history and responsibilities.
  5. Celebrate harvests, achievements and other important communal events.

Question 3(a)

Explain five aspects of social anthropology that may be used to describe the heritage of a community. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Kinship and marriage explain family relationships and descent.
  2. Political organisation explains leadership and decision-making.
  3. Religion and belief explain rituals and spiritual life.
  4. Economic practices explain production, exchange and livelihoods.
  5. Language, arts and customary practices explain communication and cultural expression.

Question 3(b)

Outline five disadvantages of oral traditions as a source of historical information. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Memory can omit or alter details.
  2. Narrators may introduce bias.
  3. Stories can change with repeated transmission.
  4. Precise dates and chronology may be difficult to establish.
  5. The death of knowledgeable people can result in permanent loss of information.

Question 4(a)

Explain six positive contributions made by the Portuguese during their rule at the East African coast. (12 marks)

Answer

  1. Introduced crops such as maize and cassava through maritime exchange.
  2. Constructed buildings, including Fort Jesus, that became significant heritage resources.
  3. Created new commercial connections with Europe and Atlantic trade networks.
  4. Contributed Portuguese-derived vocabulary to Kiswahili.
  5. Introduced Christian missionary activity.
  6. Expanded contact with ocean-going navigation and geographical knowledge through regular voyages.

Question 4(b)

Outline four economic benefits that a county government may accrue from developing a historical site for tourism. (8 marks)

Answer

  1. Lawful revenue from visitor-related charges and business activity.
  2. Employment for residents in site management and tourism services.
  3. Growth of local businesses supplying visitors.
  4. Infrastructure investment and a wider local economic base.

Question 5(a)

The concept of time among the people of Western Kenya was traditionally defined in terms of the activities carried out throughout the day. Outline five such activities and the time they were associated with. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. First cockcrow: the period before dawn.
  2. Milking cattle: early morning.
  3. Taking livestock to pasture: morning after milking.
  4. Returning livestock to the homestead: late afternoon or evening.
  5. Preparing and sharing the evening meal: dusk or early night. These are activity-based examples; exact names and timing differed between communities.

Question 5(b)

Explain five reasons that made Nilotes to migrate from Southern Sudan to the present settlements in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Search for pasture for livestock.
  2. Search for reliable water supplies.
  3. Population pressure on land and resources.
  4. Conflict and insecurity in earlier settlement areas.
  5. Drought, disease and other environmental pressures that disrupted livelihoods.

Question 6(a)

Explain five reasons that made the Africans in Kenya to resist British colonial rule. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Loss of land undermined livelihoods.
  2. Taxes imposed unwanted cash obligations.
  3. Forced labour restricted freedom.
  4. Colonial administration displaced indigenous authority.
  5. Racial inequality and interference with cultural practices generated opposition.

Question 6(b)

Describe five historical sites along the Kenyan coast that attract tourists. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Fort Jesus: a historic fort in Mombasa associated with Portuguese and later coastal history.
  2. Gede ruins: remains of a historic Swahili town near Malindi.
  3. Lamu Old Town: a living historic Swahili settlement.
  4. Jumba la Mtwana: ruins of a medieval coastal town near Mtwapa.
  5. Shimoni caves: caves interpreted in connection with local history and the slave trade.

Question 7(a)

Some African societies initiated their youth into adulthood. Explain four reasons why this was done. (8 marks)

Answer

  1. Publicly recognise the transition to adult status.
  2. Teach community values, customs and responsibilities.
  3. Prepare young people for marriage, family and other adult roles.
  4. Create age-group solidarity and a sense of belonging.

Question 7(b)

Explain six factors that facilitated the Indian Ocean trade during the 15th Century. (12 marks)

Answer

  1. Monsoon winds supported seasonal sailing.
  2. Dhows provided suitable maritime transport.
  3. Navigational knowledge helped merchants cross the ocean.
  4. Demand for African products encouraged commercial journeys.
  5. Sheltered harbours and coastal towns supported exchange.
  6. Long-established merchant networks and shared cultural links built trading relationships.
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