Touristic History — March/April 2023

Source: 03 TOURISTIC HISTORY MARCH 2023_compressed.pdf | Paper code: 2912/106; 2918/106

Question 1(a)

Explain five effects of the settlement of the plain Nilotes on the communities that they found in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Intermarriage created new family ties and cultural exchange.
  2. Competition for grazing land and water caused conflict in some areas.
  3. Some earlier inhabitants were displaced or moved to new settlements.
  4. Interaction spread pastoral practices and livestock-related knowledge.
  5. Trade and borrowing of customs, language and institutions changed neighbouring communities.

Question 1(b)

Outline five methods that were used by traditional communities to pass history from one generation to another. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Oral narratives told by elders.
  2. Songs and praise poetry.
  3. Proverbs and sayings.
  4. Genealogies and clan traditions.
  5. Ceremonies, rituals and commemorative performances.

Question 2(a)

Explain five reasons why East Africa is considered to be the place where man first evolved. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Numerous early hominin fossils provide direct evidence of human evolution in the region.
  2. Several fossil species show stages and diversity in early hominin development.
  3. Ancient stone tools demonstrate early technological activity.
  4. Volcanic and sedimentary layers allow important finds to be dated.
  5. Sites such as Turkana, Olduvai and Laetoli preserve complementary evidence of early human life. This evidence makes East Africa a major centre of human evolution; it does not establish it as the sole location where all humans first evolved.

Question 2(b)

Explain five factors that contributed to the growth of the Indian Ocean Trade during the 15th Century. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Seasonally reversing monsoon winds supported outward and return sailing.
  2. Dhow construction and navigational knowledge made ocean voyages practical.
  3. Demand for ivory, gold and other African products attracted merchants.
  4. Coastal towns and sheltered harbours provided markets, accommodation and supplies.
  5. Established commercial and cultural links connected East Africa with Arabia, India and beyond.

Question 3(a)

Outline five changes that occurred to man after he moved from forests to savannah ecosystem about 15 million years ago. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. More habitual upright walking developed in later hominin evolution.
  2. Lower limbs became better adapted for efficient walking.
  3. Pelvic and spinal structures changed to support upright posture.
  4. Feet became more specialised for bipedal support and propulsion.
  5. Hands were increasingly available for carrying and manipulating objects while walking. The question’s date is not scientifically accurate for human evolution: hominins and these adaptations appeared much later than 15 million years ago, gradually and in varied environments.

Question 3(b)

Explain five reasons why Africans were not allowed to practice coffee farming during the colonial period. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Restrictions protected European settler growers from African competition.
  2. Settlers sought to retain African labour for their plantations.
  3. Colonial authorities claimed disease-control concerns to justify limiting African production.
  4. Control of licences, processing and marketing preserved settler influence over the industry.
  5. Racially unequal land and agricultural policies reserved profitable opportunities for settlers. Restrictions varied over time; they were not an unchanging ban throughout the colonial period.

Question 4(a)

Describe five challenges faced by archeologists as they perform their duties. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Limited funding restricts equipment, staff and time for excavation.
  2. Remote sites can be difficult to reach and supply.
  3. Fragile remains may be damaged during exposure or handling.
  4. Erosion, construction and looting destroy archaeological context.
  5. Incomplete evidence makes dating and interpretation difficult.

Question 4(b)

Explain five roles that were played by women during the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Collected and supplied food to fighters.
  2. Carried messages between forest fighters and support networks.
  3. Gathered intelligence and warned about security operations.
  4. Provided shelter and concealed people or supplies.
  5. Participated in mobilisation, resistance activities and, in some cases, armed struggle.

Question 5(a)

Explain five factors that enabled Portuguese to conquer the Arabs at the Kenyan Coast during the 16th century. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Armed ocean-going ships provided naval firepower.
  2. Artillery and firearms gave advantages during attacks on coastal towns.
  3. Rivalries among coastal towns limited a united response.
  4. Alliances with some local rulers provided support and information.
  5. Royal backing and experience along established ocean routes sustained military expeditions.

Question 5(b)

Explain five reasons why mourning for the dead was carried out in traditional African societies. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Express grief and affection for the deceased.
  2. Honour and remember the person’s life.
  3. Support bereaved relatives through communal solidarity.
  4. Perform religious obligations concerning death and ancestors.
  5. Mark the transition after death and restore community life following the loss.

Question 6(a)

Describe five ways in which traditional rites were carried out in African traditional communities. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Prayers and invocations sought spiritual guidance.
  2. Offerings or sacrifices were made according to community beliefs.
  3. Songs and dances accompanied communal participation.
  4. Ritual washing, anointing or symbolic objects marked transition.
  5. Feasting, instruction and public recognition completed important ceremonies. Practices differed among communities and types of rite.

Question 6(b)

Outline five benefits that accrued to Kenyans from having a constitution at independence. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Established the institutions and structure of government.
  2. Defined the powers and responsibilities of public offices.
  3. Provided a framework for representation and elections.
  4. Set out rights and safeguards for citizens.
  5. Provided legal procedures for resolving disputes and regulating the exercise of power.

Question 7(a)

Explain five reasons that make Olorgesailie an important pre-historic site for tourism in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Large collections of Acheulean handaxes illustrate early stone-tool technology.
  2. Animal fossils help visitors understand past ecosystems.
  3. Well-studied geological deposits explain environmental change over time.
  4. Preserved archaeological areas offer an experience of an actual research landscape.
  5. Museum interpretation and guided visits support education, research tourism and appreciation of human origins.

Question 7(b)

Outline five functions that were performed by the Nandi leader (Orkoiyot). (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Led important religious and ritual activities.
  2. Interpreted omens and offered prophetic guidance.
  3. Blessed warriors and important undertakings.
  4. Advised on the timing and prospects of military action.
  5. Provided a focus for community unity and consultation in times of crisis.
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