Fundamentals of Tourism — November 2021
Source: 02 FUNDAMENTAL OF TOURISM NOV 2021 _compressed.pdf | Paper code: 2912/101; 2918/101
Question 1(a)
Describe five types of careers that a tourism management graduate may pursue in a tour firm. (10 marks)
Answer
- Tour consultant: advises customers and recommends suitable travel products.
- Reservations officer: processes bookings and confirms accommodation, transport and activities.
- Tour operations officer: coordinates suppliers, guides, vehicles and departure arrangements.
- Tour guide: interprets attractions and looks after visitors during tours.
- Sales and marketing officer: researches markets and promotes the firm’s services.
Question 1(b)
A group of tourists are scheduled for a tour to the pyramid of Giza in Egypt. Explain five themes that the tour guide may use to interpret the site. (10 marks)
Answer
- Royal power: explain the pyramids as monuments associated with Old Kingdom pharaohs.
- Religion and the afterlife: relate royal burial and funerary complexes to ancient Egyptian beliefs.
- Architecture and engineering: discuss pyramid form, construction and the organisation of labour.
- Ancient society: interpret the roles of craftspeople, officials and the communities supporting construction.
- Heritage conservation: explain the historical significance of the site and the need to protect its monuments.
Question 2(a)
Explain five factors that may account for the low numbers of international tourists visiting the country in the recent past. (10 marks)
Answer
- In the 2021 examination context, COVID-19 travel restrictions reduced international journeys.
- Health concerns and uncertainty discouraged discretionary holidays.
- Reduced household income in source markets limited spending on travel.
- Reduced airline capacity and disrupted connections restricted access.
- Insecurity or adverse travel advisories in particular areas could redirect visitors to competing destinations.
Question 2(b)
Describe five natural types of landscapes that tourists may visit while touring the coastal tourist circuit in Kenya. (10 marks)
Answer
- Sandy beaches form gently sloping coastal recreation areas.
- Coral reefs provide underwater habitats and marine scenery.
- Mangrove wetlands occur in sheltered tidal coastal waters.
- Coastal forests contain distinctive trees, birds and other wildlife.
- Sand dunes form wind-shaped ridges, notably in parts of the northern coast.
Question 3(a)
Explain five benefits that the Kenyan tourism industry may derive from the activities of the Kenya Tourism Board. (10 marks)
Answer
- Destination promotion increases awareness among potential visitors.
- Market research helps businesses understand visitor demand.
- Participation in trade events creates links with overseas travel sellers.
- A coordinated destination brand gives businesses a shared marketing identity.
- Collaboration with stakeholders supports product visibility and confidence in Kenya as a destination.
Question 3(b)
Explain five visitor – management techniques that may be applied to minimize the use of protected areas. (10 marks)
Answer
- Set visitor quotas or require advance reservations to limit pressure.
- Zone areas so sensitive habitats remain closed or restricted.
- Rotate access or use seasonal closures to allow recovery.
- Direct visitors to designated trails and viewing points to contain disturbance.
- Promote suitable alternative attractions to spread visitors away from heavily used sites.
Question 4(a)
The county government of XYZ wishes to formulate bylaws that will guide tourism development in the county. Explain five sources from which the government may derive the laws. (10 marks)
Answer
- The Constitution establishes county powers, rights and limits within which tourism legislation must operate.
- National statutes, including relevant tourism, environmental and land laws, provide the legal framework.
- Existing valid county legislation supplies provisions that may be reviewed, amended or consolidated.
- Judicial decisions interpreting relevant law guide drafting and help avoid unconstitutional provisions.
- Applicable customary law may inform culturally appropriate rules where it is consistent with the Constitution and written law. These sources guide drafting; county legislation must still be made through the lawful county process.
Question 4(b)
Explain five factors that may have promoted tourism development during the ancient civilization in the Middle East. (10 marks)
Answer
- Trade routes encouraged journeys between towns and regions.
- Religious centres and festivals attracted pilgrims.
- Urban settlements developed accommodation, markets and other services for travellers.
- Improvements in transport, including boats and animal transport, supported longer journeys.
- Administrative organisation and prosperous ruling groups created security, resources and demand for travel.
Question 5(a)
Potential tourists consider various factors in the choice of a destination for a holiday. Explain five such factors. (10 marks)
Answer
- Cost determines whether transport, accommodation and activities are affordable.
- Attractions must match the traveller’s interests.
- Safety influences confidence and willingness to visit.
- Climate affects comfort and the feasibility of activities.
- Accessibility, transport links and travel formalities affect convenience.
Question 5(b)
Explain five sociocultural benefits that may be derived from the interaction between domestic tourists and the host communities in Kenya. (10 marks)
Answer
- Cultural exchange improves understanding of different traditions.
- Intercommunity contact can reduce stereotypes and promote national unity.
- Demand for local arts supports preservation of crafts, music and dance.
- Appreciation by visitors can strengthen pride in local heritage.
- Shared events and relationships create opportunities for learning and social cooperation.
Question 6(a)
Describe five types of courts where aggrieved tourism stakeholders may seek legal redress in Kenya. (10 marks)
Answer
- Magistrates’ courts hear civil and criminal matters within their statutory jurisdiction.
- The High Court hears matters within its constitutional jurisdiction and appeals from relevant subordinate courts.
- The Environment and Land Court deals with qualifying disputes about land and the environment.
- The Employment and Labour Relations Court determines employment and labour disputes.
- The Court of Appeal hears appeals from the High Court and courts of equal status. The correct court depends on the dispute and its jurisdiction; an appeal court is not an ordinary first filing venue.
Question 6(b)
Describe five types of visitors that an accommodation facility may host in a destination. (10 marks)
Answer
- Leisure visitors stay for holidays, rest or recreation.
- Business visitors stay while attending work-related meetings or activities.
- Conference delegates stay for organised meetings and conventions.
- Transit visitors need short stays while connecting to onward transport.
- Educational visitors stay during study trips, research or learning activities.
Question 7(a)
Describe five types of participants that may be found in the marketing channel of tourism products. (10 marks)
Answer
- Producers such as hotels and airlines create the services offered.
- Tour operators combine services into packages.
- Wholesalers distribute tourism products to other travel sellers.
- Retail travel agents advise customers and sell products to final users.
- Online travel intermediaries connect suppliers and customers through booking platforms.
Question 7(b)
Describe five issues that Kenya Association of tour operators (KATO) is expected to lobby for in the tourism industry. (10 marks)
Answer
- Reasonable, predictable taxes and charges that support industry competitiveness.
- Better transport and visitor infrastructure to improve access.
- Effective safety and security arrangements for visitors and operators.
- Fair licensing and enforcement that discourage unqualified or unethical businesses.
- Policies supporting destination marketing, conservation and sustainable business growth.