Touristic History — July 2020

Source: TOURISTIC HISTORY JULY 2020 .pdf | Paper code: 2912/106; 2918/106

Question 1(a)

Traditional African societies advocated polygamy. Explain five reasons for this practice. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Larger households supplied labour for farming and livestock keeping.
  2. Many children could strengthen lineage continuity.
  3. Several marriages created alliances between families.
  4. In some societies, a large household signified wealth and social standing.
  5. Marriage arrangements could provide recognised support for widows and their children. Practices and reasons differed across societies.

Question 1(b)

Explain five reasons that made it possible for the pre-historic man to survive in the rift valley of East Africa. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Lakes, rivers and springs supplied water.
  2. Varied habitats provided plant and animal foods.
  3. Rock shelters and other protected locations offered refuge.
  4. Stone raw materials enabled tool production.
  5. Ecological diversity allowed movement between resource areas as conditions changed.

Question 2(a)

Differentiate between Sangoan and Lupemban tools that were used in the middle stone Age period. (10 marks)

Answer

Aspect Sangoan Lupemban
Characteristic tools Heavy-duty picks and core-axes are prominent. Elongated bifacial lanceolate points are a defining feature.
General form Many characteristic implements are thick and robust. Some signature points are elongated and more carefully shaped.
Shaping Heavy core-tool manufacture is conspicuous. Finely worked bifacial shaping appears alongside heavy tools.
Toolkit emphasis Traditionally identified by a strong heavy-duty component. Includes heavy-duty tools together with points, blades and other lighter implements.
Relationship Often treated as an earlier heavy-duty technological tradition. Shares some Sangoan elements while incorporating distinctive Middle Stone Age forms.

The traditions overlap in some features; tool function and chronology cannot be assigned simply from these labels.

Question 2(b)

Explain five reasons that led to the migration of the Bantu people from Congo forest. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Population growth increased pressure on resources.
  2. Cultivators sought suitable farmland.
  3. Conflict encouraged movement away from insecure areas.
  4. Environmental hardship disrupted food supplies.
  5. Trade, kinship and new livelihood opportunities encouraged dispersal over many generations.

Question 3(a)

Outline five reasons that accounted for the coming of the Portuguese to the East African coast. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Find and control a sea route to India.
  2. Obtain valuable trade goods and commercial profits.
  3. Establish supply stations and strategic ports.
  4. Spread Christianity.
  5. Expand royal influence and compete with established Muslim trading powers.

Question 3(b)

Explain five achievements of the Mau Mau war in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Brought the land question and African grievances to international attention.
  2. Increased the financial and political costs of maintaining colonial rule.
  3. Strengthened the importance of African nationalism in negotiations about Kenya’s future.
  4. Contributed to pressure for constitutional and political reform.
  5. Left an enduring legacy of sacrifice and resistance in Kenya’s struggle for independence. Independence resulted from several interacting forces; the military conflict alone did not directly win it.

Question 4(a)

Explain five aspects of slave trade that a tourist is able to learn about at Shimoni caves. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Methods by which people were captured, coerced or sold.
  2. The role of coastal holding and transit places in local accounts of the trade.
  3. Routes linking the mainland coast with wider Indian Ocean markets.
  4. Conditions, suffering and loss of freedom experienced by enslaved people.
  5. Resistance, abolition and the continuing importance of remembering the trade. Specific cave narratives should be distinguished from independently documented archaeological evidence.

Question 4(b)

Outline five traditions that were observed by the Mijikenda community. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Respect for elders and councils of community leadership.
  2. Sacred practices associated with Kaya forests.
  3. Marriage ceremonies and customary family obligations.
  4. Initiation or age-group practices in communities where they occurred.
  5. Funeral rites and remembrance of ancestors. Mijikenda comprises several related communities with differences in practice.

Question 5(a)

Describe five similarities of Australopithecus boisei and Australopithecus afarensis. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Both belonged to the hominin branch of the human family.
  2. Both lived in eastern Africa.
  3. Both had brains substantially smaller than those of modern humans.
  4. Both had relatively large chewing teeth compared with modern humans, especially boisei.
  5. Both are associated with adaptations to upright walking. The first name in the question is now usually classified as Paranthropus boisei; the species differed greatly in facial and dental specialisation.

Question 5(b)

The African traditional societies are known to have extended hospitality to guests visiting their homesteads. Explain why the homesteads practised such hospitality. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Hospitality fulfilled valued social and moral obligations.
  2. Receiving guests strengthened friendships and kinship ties.
  3. Reciprocity encouraged help when household members travelled.
  4. Visitors brought news, knowledge and opportunities for exchange.
  5. Welcoming strangers promoted a household’s reputation and peaceful relations.

Question 6(a)

Describe five Oldowan tools that were used during the early stone age period. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Choppers were cores with flakes removed to produce a working edge.
  2. Chopping tools were more extensively flaked core implements with robust edges.
  3. Polyhedral cores had flakes removed from several faces.
  4. Sharp flakes provided cutting edges for processing animal or plant material.
  5. Hammerstones were used to strike cores and detach flakes. Oldowan assemblages contain varied cores and flakes; these are descriptive tool categories, not five stages of evolution.

Question 6(b)

Explain five reasons that led to the abolition of slave trade along the East African coast. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Humanitarian campaigns exposed the cruelty of enslavement.
  2. Missionaries and other abolitionists pressed governments to act.
  3. British diplomatic pressure encouraged treaties restricting the trade.
  4. Naval patrols and enforcement increased the risks of slave trading.
  5. Changing commercial interests favoured alternative forms of trade and labour. Abolition was gradual, and legal prohibitions did not immediately end exploitation.

Question 7(a)

Outline five outcomes of the Lancaster House conference of 1960. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Accepted a new stage of constitutional advance towards African majority government.
  2. Provided for an African majority in the elected Legislative Council.
  3. Introduced a common electoral roll with a widened but still qualified franchise.
  4. Retained arrangements intended to safeguard minority representation.
  5. Provided for a multiracial Council of Ministers, including four African unofficial ministers alongside European and Asian unofficial ministers and officials. The 1960 conference did not itself grant independence in 1963.

Question 7(b)

Explain five measures that have been taken by the National Museums of Kenya to protect Gede ruins historical site at the Kenyan coast. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Legal protection and management arrangements regulate activities affecting the site.
  2. Conservation work stabilises fragile historic structures.
  3. Visitor routes and controlled access reduce damage to remains.
  4. Security and supervision help prevent looting and vandalism.
  5. Research, documentation and interpretation build knowledge and public support for preservation.
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