Fundamentals of Tourism — July 2020

Source: FUNDAMENTALS OF TOURISM JULY 2020 .pdf | Paper code: 2912/101; 2918/101

Question 1(a)

Outline five criteria that can be used to classify a traveller as a tourist. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. The journey takes the traveller outside the usual environment.
  2. The visit is temporary rather than a permanent move.
  3. The stay is for less than one year.
  4. The main purpose is not employment by a resident employer in the place visited.
  5. The trip includes an overnight stay; a qualifying same-day visitor is an excursionist rather than an overnight tourist.

Question 1(b)

Explain five contributions of the Romans to early travel (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Roads and bridges improved connections between settlements.
  2. Relative peace and organised administration made journeys safer.
  3. A widely used currency made payments easier across the empire.
  4. Inns, baths and resorts offered services to travellers.
  5. Sporting spectacles, festivals and visits to cultural centres created reasons for leisure travel.

Question 2(a)

Outline five achievements of the East African Travel and Tourism Association during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks)

Answer

Historical correction: The question’s wording is retained, but the East African Tourist Travel Association was formed in 1948, during the colonial period. It therefore had no achievements in the pre-colonial period. If “pre-independence” was intended, relevant early regional contributions include:

  1. Coordinating tourism promotion across East African territories.
  2. Publicising the region’s wildlife and scenic attractions overseas.
  3. Producing and distributing travel information and promotional material.
  4. Connecting public authorities with transport and tourism businesses.
  5. Supporting the development of the region’s organised tourism market.

The five points address the likely intended period, not the historically incorrect premise.

Question 2(b)

Explain five mitigation measures that can be taken to reduce the negative socio-cultural effects of tourism at the coastal tourist circuit. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Brief visitors on local dress, customs and respectful behaviour to prevent offence.
  2. Involve residents in tourism planning so development respects community priorities.
  3. Protect sacred sites and culturally important spaces through agreed access rules.
  4. Support locally controlled cultural enterprises to retain authenticity and benefits.
  5. Enforce laws against exploitation and abuse and provide accessible reporting arrangements.

Question 3(a)

Describe five man-made tourist attractions in Nairobi tourist circuit. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Nairobi National Museum houses exhibitions interpreting Kenya’s natural and cultural heritage.
  2. Karen Blixen Museum interprets the writer’s former home and its historical setting.
  3. Bomas of Kenya presents traditional homesteads and cultural performances.
  4. Nairobi Railway Museum displays railway artefacts and the history of rail transport.
  5. Kenyatta International Convention Centre is a landmark building associated with meetings and city sightseeing.

Question 3(b)

Explain five reasons that make it necessary to classify accommodation facilities in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Provide visitors with a guide to expected facilities and service levels.
  2. Help customers compare establishments when planning a stay.
  3. Encourage operators to maintain and improve standards.
  4. Support consistent destination marketing and product positioning.
  5. Guide regulators and investors in identifying service and facility gaps. A classification is a quality category, not a guarantee of a fixed room price.

Question 4(a)

Explain five activities Ecotourism Kenya undertakes to achieve its mandate towards the tourism sector. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Assess and certify tourism accommodation through its Eco-rating programme.
  2. Train and advise operators on responsible tourism practices.
  3. Promote businesses and initiatives demonstrating responsible tourism.
  4. Support community participation and benefits in tourism development.
  5. Recognise good practice and encourage improvements in conservation and sustainability.

Question 4(b)

Explain five travel barriers that may hinder people from visiting a destination. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Insufficient money can make transport and accommodation unaffordable.
  2. Limited free time can prevent a holiday of the required duration.
  3. Insecurity or fear of danger can discourage travel.
  4. Difficult visa procedures or other travel formalities can prevent entry.
  5. Poor transport connections, disability-related access barriers or inadequate facilities can make the journey impractical.

Question 5(a)

Outline five factors that may determine the choice of a destination to be visited by a tourist. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Available attractions and activities.
  2. Total holiday cost and personal budget.
  3. Safety and stability.
  4. Climate and intended travel season.
  5. Transport accessibility and entry requirements.

Question 5(b)

Kenya Wildlife Service has the mandate to protect wildlife in Kenya. Outline five categories of wildlife areas where it extends its services. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Terrestrial national parks.
  2. Terrestrial national reserves.
  3. Marine national parks.
  4. Marine national reserves.
  5. Wildlife sanctuaries. KWS’s management or support role differs by designation; listing an area does not imply sole management of every reserve or sanctuary.

Question 6(a)

Outline five positive impacts of tourism activities on the physical environment of a destination. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Tourism revenue can finance habitat and wildlife protection.
  2. Visitor interest can encourage restoration of damaged sites.
  3. Environmental education can improve conservation awareness.
  4. Well-managed tourism can support cleaner public spaces and waste facilities.
  5. The value of natural attractions can encourage protected-area establishment and responsible land use.

Question 6(b)

Explain five disadvantages of a tailor-made tour consumed by a tourist while in a destination. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Individual planning and small-group purchasing can raise the price per traveller.
  2. Organising many personalised components can take considerable time.
  3. Separate bookings increase coordination demands and the risk of missed connections.
  4. Travellers may receive less group companionship than on an organised departure.
  5. Late changes can be costly where bespoke services have strict cancellation conditions.

Question 7(a)

Explain five challenges that may be experienced by a tourist who consumes an all inclusive tour package in a destination. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. A fixed programme may limit personal choice.
  2. Prepaid services may be unsuitable or go unused.
  3. Some activities and premium services may still incur extra charges.
  4. Time spent within the package’s facilities can limit contact with local communities.
  5. It may be difficult to compare the value of individual components or obtain refunds for unused services.

Question 7(b)

The pyramids of Egypt remain as unique ancient tourist attraction sites. Outline five outstanding features that are associated with these pyramids. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Massive geometrical stone structures rising from broad square bases.
  2. Ancient royal burial chambers and internal passages.
  3. Large limestone masonry, with granite used in some structural elements.
  4. Associated funerary complexes with temples, causeways and subsidiary tombs.
  5. At Giza, the three principal pyramids associated with Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure stand within a wider monumental necropolis.
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