Touristic History — November 2024

Source: 06 TOURISTIC HISTORY NOV 2024-compressed.pdf | Paper code: 2912/106; 2918/106

Question 1(a)

Describe five historical sites that can be visited at the Kenyan coast. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Fort Jesus in Mombasa preserves a Portuguese-built fort and later coastal history.
  2. Gede ruins preserve the remains of a historic Swahili town.
  3. Lamu Old Town preserves living Swahili urban heritage and architecture.
  4. Jumba la Mtwana contains remains of a medieval coastal settlement near Mtwapa.
  5. Shimoni caves and associated interpretation present local history, including memories of the slave trade.

Question 1(b)

Outline five factors that made early man to move from forests to savannah ecosystems. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Climatic shifts changed the distribution of forest and grassland.
  2. Reduced woodland in some areas changed available habitats.
  3. Seasonal food shortages encouraged wider ranging.
  4. Open environments offered additional plant and animal food resources.
  5. Competition and changing access to water encouraged movement. This was a complex evolutionary and ecological process, not one coordinated migration by modern humans.

Question 2(a)

Explain five reasons why archeology is a preferred source of prehistoric information. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. It supplies physical evidence from periods before written records.
  2. Artefacts reveal technology and everyday activities.
  3. Animal and plant remains help reconstruct diet and environment.
  4. Excavation preserves relationships between finds and their archaeological context.
  5. Scientific dating can place discoveries within a chronological framework.

Question 2(b)

Explain five ways in which the portuguese settlement at the Kenyan coast positively influenced the local communities. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Introduced crops of American origin, including maize and cassava, through wider maritime networks.
  2. Added architectural and military-building influences visible at Fort Jesus.
  3. Created additional commercial links with European and Atlantic markets.
  4. Contributed words to the coastal linguistic exchange, including Portuguese-derived vocabulary in Kiswahili.
  5. Introduced Christian missionary activity and associated contacts with new religious institutions.

Question 3(a)

Explain five reasons that made the Giriama to resist the British colonial rule in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Forced labour threatened freedom and household livelihoods.
  2. Tax demands created financial pressure.
  3. Interference with elders and traditional institutions undermined community authority.
  4. Land restrictions and threats to settlement areas challenged access to resources.
  5. Recruitment demands and coercive colonial administration generated hostility.

Question 3(b)

Describe five ways in which fire was used by early man. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Cooking made some foods easier to eat and digest.
  2. Heat provided warmth in cold conditions.
  3. Light enabled activity after dark.
  4. Fire helped deter dangerous animals around camps.
  5. Controlled burning could aid activities such as clearing vegetation or managing a camp area. Uses varied across periods and the evidence available.

Question 4(a)

Explain five roles played by monuments in a destination. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Commemorate important people or events.
  2. Preserve and communicate historical knowledge.
  3. Create landmarks and strengthen place identity.
  4. Attract visitors and support tourism earnings.
  5. Provide settings for education, remembrance and public ceremonies.

Question 4(b)

Explain five reasons that made the Southern Cushites to migrate from Ethiopia to their present occupied area . (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Search for pasture supported livestock keeping.
  2. Drought and water shortages encouraged movement.
  3. Population growth increased pressure on available resources.
  4. Conflict with neighbouring groups displaced some communities.
  5. New areas offered land and livelihood opportunities. These are broad migration explanations; movements occurred over long periods rather than as a single journey.

Question 5(a)

Highlight six factors that made the British to grant Kenya its independence in 1963. (12 marks)

Answer

  1. Sustained African nationalist organisation and political mobilisation.
  2. Pressure and costs associated with resistance, including the Mau Mau conflict.
  3. Post-war changes in Britain’s resources and willingness to maintain colonies.
  4. International criticism of colonialism and support for self-determination.
  5. The wider wave of African independence weakened the legitimacy of continued colonial rule.
  6. Constitutional negotiations and elections produced arrangements for transfer of power.

Question 5(b)

Outline four aspects that were used to indicate time in traditional African communities. (8 marks)

Answer

  1. Position of the sun and the length or direction of shadows.
  2. Moon phases and recurring lunar cycles.
  3. Seasonal rainfall and agricultural cycles.
  4. Recurring activities or natural events, such as milking or the first cockcrow.

Question 6(a)

Explain five challenges that are faced by the Lamu old town heritage site. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Inappropriate construction can alter the historic urban fabric.
  2. Limited resources can delay conservation of fragile buildings.
  3. Drainage, waste and sanitation pressures affect the living historic town.
  4. Large developments in the wider setting can affect heritage values if poorly managed.
  5. Climate-related hazards, including coastal flooding and salt-related deterioration, threaten structures.

Question 6(b)

Outline five factors that disrupted the Indian Ocean trade between the East African Coast and the Far East. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Warfare and attacks on coastal trading towns.
  2. Portuguese attempts to control shipping and levy duties.
  3. Piracy and insecurity at sea.
  4. Political rivalries and destruction of commercial centres.
  5. Changes in demand, trade routes and later colonial restrictions on particular commodities.

Question 7(a)

Explain five reasons why Africans resisted the British colonial rule in Kenya. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Land alienation threatened settlement and livelihoods.
  2. Taxation forced households to obtain cash under unequal conditions.
  3. Forced labour and coercive recruitment restricted freedom.
  4. Loss of political independence undermined local leadership.
  5. Racial discrimination and interference with social and cultural institutions generated opposition.

Question 7(b)

Describe five ways in which hospitality was demonstrated among traditional African communities. (10 marks)

Answer

  1. Welcoming and greeting visitors respectfully.
  2. Offering food and drink.
  3. Providing a place to rest or sleep.
  4. Protecting guests and helping them find their way.
  5. Sharing conversation, introductions and assistance appropriate to the visitor’s needs.
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